Git 🌙
Chapters ▾ 2nd Edition

8.4 Customizing Git - An Example Git-Enforced Policy

An Example Git-Enforced Policy

In this section, you’ll use what you’ve learned to establish a Git workflow that checks for a custom commit message format, and allows only certain users to modify certain subdirectories in a project. You’ll build client scripts that help the developer know if their push will be rejected and server scripts that actually enforce the policies.

The scripts we’ll show are written in Ruby; partly because of our intellectual inertia, but also because Ruby is easy to read, even if you can’t necessarily write it. However, any language will work – all the sample hook scripts distributed with Git are in either Perl or Bash, so you can also see plenty of examples of hooks in those languages by looking at the samples.

Zásuvný modul na straně serveru

All the server-side work will go into the update file in your hooks directory. The update hook runs once per branch being pushed and takes three arguments:

  • The name of the reference being pushed to

  • The old revision where that branch was

  • The new revision being pushed

Pokud jsou revize odesílány prostřednictvím SSH, budete mít přístup také k uživateli, který data odesílá. If you’ve allowed everyone to connect with a single user (like “git”) via public-key authentication, you may have to give that user a shell wrapper that determines which user is connecting based on the public key, and set an environment variable accordingly. Here we’ll assume the connecting user is in the $USER environment variable, so your update script begins by gathering all the information you need:

#!/usr/bin/env ruby

$refname = ARGV[0]
$oldrev  = ARGV[1]
$newrev  = ARGV[2]
$user    = ENV['USER']

puts "Enforcing Policies..."
puts "(#{$refname}) (#{$oldrev[0,6]}) (#{$newrev[0,6]})"

Yes, those are global variables. Don’t judge – it’s easier to demonstrate this way.

Enforcing a Specific Commit-Message Format

Your first challenge is to enforce that each commit message adheres to a particular format. Just to have a target, assume that each message has to include a string that looks like “ref: 1234” because you want each commit to link to a work item in your ticketing system. Každou odesílanou revizi si musíte prohlédnout, zjistit, zda zpráva k revizi obsahuje daný řetězec, a pokud v některé z nich chybí, vrátit nenulovou hodnotu, čímž odesílanou revizi odmítnete.

Vezmete-li hodnoty $newrev a $oldrev a zadáte je k nízkoúrovňovému příkazu git rev-list, získáte seznam hodnot SHA-1 všech odesílaných revizí. Tento příkaz má v podstatě stejnou funkci jako git log, jeho výstupem jsou ale pouze hodnoty SHA-1 bez dalších informací. So, to get a list of all the commit SHA-1s introduced between one commit SHA-1 and another, you can run something like this:

$ git rev-list 538c33..d14fc7
d14fc7c847ab946ec39590d87783c69b031bdfb7
9f585da4401b0a3999e84113824d15245c13f0be
234071a1be950e2a8d078e6141f5cd20c1e61ad3
dfa04c9ef3d5197182f13fb5b9b1fb7717d2222a
17716ec0f1ff5c77eff40b7fe912f9f6cfd0e475

You can take that output, loop through each of those commit SHA-1s, grab the message for it, and test that message against a regular expression that looks for a pattern.

Budete muset najít postup, jak získat zprávy všech těchto revizí, které mají být otestovány. Chcete-li získat syrová data revizí, můžete použít další nízkoúrovňový příkaz: git cat-file. We’ll go over all these plumbing commands in detail in Git Internals; but for now, here’s what that command gives you:

$ git cat-file commit ca82a6
tree cfda3bf379e4f8dba8717dee55aab78aef7f4daf
parent 085bb3bcb608e1e8451d4b2432f8ecbe6306e7e7
author Scott Chacon <schacon@gmail.com> 1205815931 -0700
committer Scott Chacon <schacon@gmail.com> 1240030591 -0700

changed the version number

Jednoduchým způsobem, jak z revize, k níž máte hodnotu SHA-1, extrahovat její zprávu, je přejít k prvnímu prázdnému řádku a vzít vše, co následuje za ním. V systémech Unix to lze provést příkazem sed:

$ git cat-file commit ca82a6 | sed '1,/^$/d'
changed the version number

You can use that incantation to grab the commit message from each commit that is trying to be pushed and exit if you see anything that doesn’t match. Chcete-li skript ukončit a odesílaná data odmítnout, návratová hodnota musí být nenulová. Celá metoda vypadá takto:

$regex = /\[ref: (\d+)\]/

# enforced custom commit message format
def check_message_format
  missed_revs = `git rev-list #{$oldrev}..#{$newrev}`.split("\n")
  missed_revs.each do |rev|
    message = `git cat-file commit #{rev} | sed '1,/^$/d'`
    if !$regex.match(message)
      puts "[POLICY] Your message is not formatted correctly"
      exit 1
    end
  end
end
check_message_format

Putting that in your update script will reject updates that contain commits that have messages that don’t adhere to your rule.

Systém ACL podle uživatelů

Předpokládejme, že chcete přidat mechanismus, který bude používat seznam oprávnění ACL (access control list), v němž bude stanoveno, kteří uživatelé smějí do které části vašeho projektu odesílat změny. Some people have full access, and others can only push changes to certain subdirectories or specific files. To enforce this, you’ll write those rules to a file named acl that lives in your bare Git repository on the server. You’ll have the update hook look at those rules, see what files are being introduced for all the commits being pushed, and determine whether the user doing the push has access to update all those files.

The first thing you’ll do is write your ACL. Here you’ll use a format very much like the CVS ACL mechanism: it uses a series of lines, where the first field is avail or unavail, the next field is a comma-delimited list of the users to which the rule applies, and the last field is the path to which the rule applies (blank meaning open access). Všechna tato pole jsou oddělena svislicí (|).

V našem příkladu máte několik správců, několik tvůrců dokumentace s přístupem do adresáře doc a jednoho vývojáře, který má jako jediný přístup do adresářů lib a tests. Soubor ACL proto bude vypadat následovně:

avail|nickh,pjhyett,defunkt,tpw
avail|usinclair,cdickens,ebronte|doc
avail|schacon|lib
avail|schacon|tests

Začnete načtením těchto dat do struktury, kterou můžete použít. In this case, to keep the example simple, you’ll only enforce the avail directives. Používá se tu metoda asociativních polí, kdy klíč představuje jméno uživatele a hodnotu tvoří sada umístění, k nimž má uživatel oprávnění pro zápis:

def get_acl_access_data(acl_file)
  # read in ACL data
  acl_file = File.read(acl_file).split("\n").reject { |line| line == '' }
  access = {}
  acl_file.each do |line|
    avail, users, path = line.split('|')
    next unless avail == 'avail'
    users.split(',').each do |user|
      access[user] ||= []
      access[user] << path
    end
  end
  access
end

V kombinaci se souborem ACL, který jsme si ukázali před chvílí, poskytne tato metoda get_acl_access_data datovou strukturu v této podobě:

{"defunkt"=>[nil],
 "tpw"=>[nil],
 "nickh"=>[nil],
 "pjhyett"=>[nil],
 "schacon"=>["lib", "tests"],
 "cdickens"=>["doc"],
 "usinclair"=>["doc"],
 "ebronte"=>["doc"]}

Now that you have the permissions sorted out, you need to determine what paths the commits being pushed have modified, so you can make sure the user who’s pushing has access to all of them.

You can pretty easily see what files have been modified in a single commit with the --name-only option to the git log command (mentioned briefly in Základy práce se systémem Git):

$ git log -1 --name-only --pretty=format:'' 9f585d

README
lib/test.rb

Jestliže používáte strukturu ACL získanou metodou get_acl_access_data a kontrolujete ji proti seznamu souborů v každé revizi, můžete určit, zda bude mít uživatel oprávnění odesílat všechny své revize:

# only allows certain users to modify certain subdirectories in a project
def check_directory_perms
  access = get_acl_access_data('acl')

  # see if anyone is trying to push something they can't
  new_commits = `git rev-list #{$oldrev}..#{$newrev}`.split("\n")
  new_commits.each do |rev|
    files_modified = `git log -1 --name-only --pretty=format:'' #{rev}`.split("\n")
    files_modified.each do |path|
      next if path.size == 0
      has_file_access = false
      access[$user].each do |access_path|
        if !access_path  # user has access to everything
           || (path.start_with? access_path) # access to this path
          has_file_access = true
        end
      end
      if !has_file_access
        puts "[POLICY] You do not have access to push to #{path}"
        exit 1
      end
    end
  end
end

check_directory_perms

Příkazem git rev-list získáte výpis nových revizí odesílaných na váš server. Then, for each of those commits, you find which files are modified and make sure the user who’s pushing has access to all the paths being modified.

Now your users can’t push any commits with badly formed messages or with modified files outside of their designated paths.

Testing It Out

If you run chmod u+x .git/hooks/update, which is the file into which you should have put all this code, and then try to push a commit with a non-compliant message, you get something like this:

$ git push -f origin master
Counting objects: 5, done.
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 323 bytes, done.
Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Enforcing Policies...
(refs/heads/master) (8338c5) (c5b616)
[POLICY] Your message is not formatted correctly
error: hooks/update exited with error code 1
error: hook declined to update refs/heads/master
To git@gitserver:project.git
 ! [remote rejected] master -> master (hook declined)
error: failed to push some refs to 'git@gitserver:project.git'

Výstup obsahuje řadu zajímavých informací. Zaprvé si všimněte místa, kde byl spuštěn zásuvný modul.

Enforcing Policies...
(refs/heads/master) (fb8c72) (c56860)

Remember that you printed that out at the very beginning of your update script. Anything your script echoes to stdout will be transferred to the client.

The next thing you’ll notice is the error message.

[POLICY] Your message is not formatted correctly
error: hooks/update exited with error code 1
error: hook declined to update refs/heads/master

První řádek jste vytvořili vy, dalšími dvěma řádky vám Git sděluje, že je výstup skriptu update nenulový, a proto bude odeslání odmítnuto. A na konci stojí následující:

To git@gitserver:project.git
 ! [remote rejected] master -> master (hook declined)
error: failed to push some refs to 'git@gitserver:project.git'

You’ll see a remote rejected message for each reference that your hook declined, and it tells you that it was declined specifically because of a hook failure.

Furthermore, if someone tries to edit a file they don’t have access to and push a commit containing it, they will see something similar. Pokud se například autor dokumentace pokusí odeslat revizi, která mění obsah adresáře lib, zobrazí se mu upozornění:

[POLICY] You do not have access to push to lib/test.rb

From now on, as long as that update script is there and executable, your repository will never have a commit message without your pattern in it, and your users will be sandboxed.

Zásuvné moduly na straně klienta

The downside to this approach is the whining that will inevitably result when your users' commit pushes are rejected. Having their carefully crafted work rejected at the last minute can be extremely frustrating and confusing; and furthermore, they will have to edit their history to correct it, which isn’t always for the faint of heart.

The answer to this dilemma is to provide some client-side hooks that users can run to notify them when they’re doing something that the server is likely to reject. Všechny problémy tak budou moci opravit, dokud to ještě není příliš složité a dokud je nezapsali do revize. Because hooks aren’t transferred with a clone of a project, you must distribute these scripts some other way and then have your users copy them to their .git/hooks directory and make them executable. You can distribute these hooks within the project or in a separate project, but Git won’t set them up automatically.

To begin, you should check your commit message just before each commit is recorded, so you know the server won’t reject your changes due to badly formatted commit messages. K tomuto účelu můžete použít zásuvný modul commit-msg. Necháte-li zásuvný modul přečíst zprávu k revizi ze souboru, který zadáte jako první parametr, a srovnat se vzorem, můžete systému Git uložit, aby odmítl revize, které vzoru neodpovídají:

#!/usr/bin/env ruby
message_file = ARGV[0]
message = File.read(message_file)

$regex = /\[ref: (\d+)\]/

if !$regex.match(message)
  puts "[POLICY] Your message is not formatted correctly"
  exit 1
end

If that script is in place (in .git/hooks/commit-msg) and executable, and you commit with a message that isn’t properly formatted, you see this:

$ git commit -am 'test'
[POLICY] Your message is not formatted correctly

V takovém případě nebyla zapsána žádná revize. Pokud však zpráva obsahuje správný vzor, Git vám umožní revizi zapsat:

$ git commit -am 'test [ref: 132]'
[master e05c914] test [ref: 132]
 1 file changed, 1 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

Next, you want to make sure you aren’t modifying files that are outside your ACL scope. If your project’s .git directory contains a copy of the ACL file you used previously, then the following pre-commit script will enforce those constraints for you:

#!/usr/bin/env ruby

$user    = ENV['USER']

# [ insert acl_access_data method from above ]

# only allows certain users to modify certain subdirectories in a project
def check_directory_perms
  access = get_acl_access_data('.git/acl')

  files_modified = `git diff-index --cached --name-only HEAD`.split("\n")
  files_modified.each do |path|
    next if path.size == 0
    has_file_access = false
    access[$user].each do |access_path|
    if !access_path || (path.index(access_path) == 0)
      has_file_access = true
    end
    if !has_file_access
      puts "[POLICY] You do not have access to push to #{path}"
      exit 1
    end
  end
end

check_directory_perms

Jedná se o přibližně stejný skript, jaký funguje na serveru, avšak se dvěma podstatnými rozdíly. First, the ACL file is in a different place, because this script runs from your working directory, not from your .git directory. Cestu k souboru ACL budete muset změnit z

access = get_acl_access_data('acl')

na:

access = get_acl_access_data('.git/acl')

Druhým důležitým rozdílem je způsob, jak se zobrazí seznam změněných souborů. Because the server-side method looks at the log of commits, and, at this point, the commit hasn’t been recorded yet, you must get your file listing from the staging area instead. Místo

files_modified = `git log -1 --name-only --pretty=format:'' #{ref}`

budete muset použít:

files_modified = `git diff-index --cached --name-only HEAD`

But those are the only two differences – otherwise, the script works the same way. Je však třeba upozornit, že skript očekává, že lokálně pracujete v roli stejného uživatele jako odesíláte data na vzdálený server. Pokud nejsou uživatelé stejní, budete muset ručně nastavit proměnnou $user.

One other thing we can do here is make sure the user doesn’t push non-fast-forwarded references. To get a reference that isn’t a fast-forward, you either have to rebase past a commit you’ve already pushed up or try pushing a different local branch up to the same remote branch.

Presumably, the server is already configured with receive.denyDeletes and receive.denyNonFastForwards to enforce this policy, so the only accidental thing you can try to catch is rebasing commits that have already been pushed.

Jako příklad uvedeme skript pre-rebase, který bude toto pravidlo kontrolovat. It gets a list of all the commits you’re about to rewrite and checks whether they exist in any of your remote references. If it sees one that is reachable from one of your remote references, it aborts the rebase.

#!/usr/bin/env ruby

base_branch = ARGV[0]
if ARGV[1]
  topic_branch = ARGV[1]
else
  topic_branch = "HEAD"
end

target_shas = `git rev-list #{base_branch}..#{topic_branch}`.split("\n")
remote_refs = `git branch -r`.split("\n").map { |r| r.strip }

target_shas.each do |sha|
  remote_refs.each do |remote_ref|
    shas_pushed = `git rev-list ^#{sha}^@ refs/remotes/#{remote_ref}`
    if shas_pushed.split("\n").include?(sha)
      puts "[POLICY] Commit #{sha} has already been pushed to #{remote_ref}"
      exit 1
    end
  end
end

This script uses a syntax that wasn’t covered in Revision Selection. Seznam revizí, které už byly odeslány, získáte takto:

`git rev-list ^#{sha}^@ refs/remotes/#{remote_ref}`

Syntaxe SHA^@ se vztahuje na všechny rodiče této revize. You’re looking for any commit that is reachable from the last commit on the remote and that isn’t reachable from any parent of any of the SHA-1s you’re trying to push up – meaning it’s a fast-forward.

The main drawback to this approach is that it can be very slow and is often unnecessary – if you don’t try to force the push with -f, the server will warn you and not accept the push. However, it’s an interesting exercise and can in theory help you avoid a rebase that you might later have to go back and fix.

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